The common toad, newt, and several species of frog and salamander inhabit New York waters. Dinner with Stalin features Soviet Jews grappling with issues of identity, acculturation, and assimilation. Enter your mobile number or email address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. The 13th US president, Millard Fillmore (1800–74), was elected vice president under Zachary Taylor in 1848. On 6 February 1778, New York became the second state to ratify the Articles of Confederation. New York City hosts several major professional tennis tournaments every year, including the US Open in Flushing Meadows; the Last Minute Travel.com Masters (men) in Central Park, and the Chase Championships of the WTA Tour (women) at Madison Square Garden. important poet, and Henry James (1843–1916), whose short stories are equally well known. New York ranked 28th in farm income in 2005, with cash receipts from farming at over $3.5 billion. But New York was not a wartime battleground, and overall the war and Reconstruction were very good for business. The first state capital was Kingston, but the capital was moved to Albany in January 1797. In 2004, 0.5% of the state's population was American Indian or Alaskan Native. In the largest legal settlement in New York's history, in 1994 Occidental Petroleum Corp. agreed to pay $98 million in damages for the dumping of hazardous wastes at Love Canal, ending 16 years of litigation. The United Nations is the best-known organization to have its headquarters in New York. After serving for 12 years, Cuomo was replaced in 1995 by State Senator George Pataki, the first Republican elected New York governor since 1970. In 2000 it was estimated at 1,044,976, up from 694,000 in 1990. New Amsterdam grew slowly, and by 1650 had no more than 1,000 people. Outside New York City there are also important ethnic enclaves in the Buffalo metropolitan area, with its large populations of Polish and Italian origin. The New York Court of Claims sits in Albany, with judges appointed by the governor to nine-year terms, along with judges sitting as acting Supreme Court justices in felony trials. On 5 January 2006 the federal government also released $100 million in emergency contingency funds targeted to the areas with the greatest need, including $15 million for New York. The City University of New York was created in 1961, although many of its component institutions (including 12 four-year institutions) were founded much earlier. This waterway transportation system was expanded starting in the 1820s. In 1993, only 7,723 multi-unit dwellings were authorized. Winners of the Nobel Peace Prize besides Theodore Roosevelt were Elihu Root in 1912 and Frank B. Kellogg in 1929. The crude death rate in 2003 was 8.1 deaths per 1,000 population. . New York's highest court is the Court of Appeals in Albany, with appellate jurisdiction only. The state's only elected executives are the governor, lieutenant governor, comptroller, and attorney general. ." The first result was a series of constitutional changes, including one abolishing the requirement that blacks hold property in order to vote. From the high proportion of New York Yiddish speakers (nearly 40% of all those in the United States in 1990) have come such terms as schlock, schmaltz, and chutzpah. A 1982 law requires a deposit on beer and soft-drink containers sold in the state, to encourage return and recycling of bottles and cans. By 1850, its population had boomed to 696,115; by 1900, to 3,437,202, double that of Chicago, the city's closest rival. The Conservative Party has its left-wing counterpart in the Liberal Party, which was formed in 1944 by dissidents in the American Labor Party who claimed the ALP was Communist-influenced. As of 2002, the death rates for major causes of death (per 100,000 resident population) were: heart disease, 295.8; cancer, 191.4; cerebrovascular diseases, 39.8; chronic lower respiratory diseases, 36.4; and diabetes, 20.5.

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